Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal (NPMJ)

The Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal, a publication of the National Postgraduate Medical College of Nigeria, is a peer-reviewed print and online journal with quarterly print on demand compilation of issues published. The manuscript management system and virtual editorial office are available at our website; https://journals.lww.com/npmj. The journal allows free access (Open Access) to its contents and permits authors to self-archive final accepted version of the articles on any OAI-compliant institutional / subject-based repository. The approved Article Processing Charge (Acceptance Fee) for year 2024 is USD 150. NPMJ does not charge submission fee.

The journal is registered with the following abstracting partners:

Baidu Scholar, CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure), EBSCO Publishing’s Electronic Databases, Exlibris – Primo Central, Google Scholar, Hinari, Infotrieve, National Science Library, Netherlands ISSN center, ProQuest, TdNet, Wanfang Data

The journal is indexed with, or included in, the following:
DOAJ, Emerging Sources Citation Index, MEDLINE / Index Medicus, Scimago Journal Ranking, SCOPUS & Web of Science

Impact Factor® as reported in the 2022 Journal Citation Reports® (Clarivate Analytics, 2023): 1.1

Aims and Scope of the NPMJ
The aims of the Journal are, firstly, to provide a medium for recording and dissemination of the results of clinical and scientific medical research, particularly in the College and other allied institutions in Nigeria and the rest of the World. Secondly, to serve as a forum for the dissemination of general information, reports of conferences, College events, and activities of fellows.

The journal covers technical and clinical studies related to health, ethical and social issues in the field of Medicine, dentistry and allied medical sciences. Articles with clinical interest and implications will be given preference.

Recent Popular Articles Published in NPMJ

Editorial Board
Editor -in -Chief / Chairman
Prof. (Dr.) S. N. C. Anyanwu
MBBS, MD, FMCS, FWACS, FACS, FNAMed, DFMC
Professor of Surgery (Surgical Oncology),
Director, Institute of Oncology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University,
Nnewi campus, Nigeria
editorinchiefnpmj@npmcn.edu.ng

Editor
Prof. (Dr.) C. K. Ijoma
MBBS, FMCP, FWACP, MD
Professor of Medicine & Consultant Physician
University of Nigeria & University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital,
Ituku / Ozalla Campus, Enugu, Nigeria

Associate Editors
Prof. (Dr.) T. M. Akande
MBBS, MSc, FMCPH
Professor of Community Health & Consultant Community Health Physician
University of Ilorin & University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital,
Ilorin, Nigeria

Prof. (Dr.) F. E. Ologe
MBBS, FMCORL, MD
Professor of Otorhinolaryngology & Consultant Otorhinolaryngologist
University of Ilorin & University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital,
Ilorin, Nigeria

Dr. W. Yinusa
MBBS, MD, FMCS, FMC.ORTHO, FMCEM, FWACS, FICS
Chief Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon
National Orthopeadic Hospital,
Igbobi, Lagos, Nigeria

Prof. (Dr.) A. F. Faponle
B.Sc(Ife), MbChB (Ife), PGDA (Ib.), FWACS, FMCA, FICS, MD
Professor of Anaesthesia & Consultant Anaesthetist
Obafemi Awolowo University / OAU Teaching Hospital, Ile-Ife
Osun State, Nigeria

Prof. (Dr.) M. M. Meremikwu
MBChB, MSc, FMCPaed, FRCPCH
Professor of Paediatrics & Consultant Paediatrician
University of Calabar & University of Calabar Teaching Hospital,
Calabar, Nigeria

Prof. A. O. Onakoya
MBBS, MD, FMCOPH, FWACS
Professor of Ophthalmology & Consultant Ophthalmologist
University of Lagos & Lagos University Teaching Hospital,
Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria

Prof. (Dr.) M. Bukar
MBBS, MNIM, MHPM, FWACS, FMCOG, FICS, FIMC, FIMS, FCP, CMC, CMS
Professor of Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Consultant Obstetrician & Gynaecologist
University of Maiduguri & University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital,
Maiduguri, Nigeria

Prof. (Dr.) B. A. Ola
MBChB (Ife), Adv. Cert. CBT (NY), Cert. SFP (Iowa), Cert. SAPT (Richmond), Cert. BAT (Oxford), Cert. QMS (Lagos), LMIH Cert. (Washington), Cert. Project Management (Washington), FMCPsych (Nig.), FWACP, M.Ed. (South Wales), M.Sc. (Lisbon), M.S. (Richmond), D.Ed (Lagos), PhD (Leicester), MD (Psychiatry)
Professor of Psychiatry & Consultant Psychiatrist
Lagos State University & Lagos State University Teaching Hospital,
Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria

Prof. (Dr.) P. M. Kolo
MBBS, FMCP, FWACP, MD
Professor of Medicine & Consultant Physician
University of Ilorin & University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital
Ilorin, Nigeria

Prof. (Dr.) N. E. Udonwa
MBBS, MPH, MD, FMCGP, FWACP (Fam. Med.)
Professor of Family Medicine & Consultant Family Physician
University of Calabar & University of Calabar Teaching Hospital,
Calabar, Nigeria

Dr. E. B. Dosumu
BDS, FMCDS
Associate Professor of Periodontology & Community Dentistry and Consultant Dental
Surgeon, University of Ibadan & University College Hospital,
Ibadan, Nigeria

Prof. (Dr.) P. O. Ibinaiye
MBBS, FMCR, FICS, MD
Professor of Radiology & Consultant Radiologist
Ahmadu Bello University & Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital,
Zaria, Nigeria.

Prof. (Dr.) O. S. Ojo
MBBS (Lagos), FMCPath, MD
Professor of Pathology & Consultant Histopathologist
Obafemi Awolowo University (OAU) & OAU Teaching Hospitals Complex,
Ile-Ife, Nigeria

Assoc Prof. (Dr.) E. A. Jeje
BSc, MBChB, FMCS, FWACS, FICS
Associate Professor of Surgery & Consultant Urologist
University of Lagos & Lagos University Teaching Hospital,
Lagos, Nigeria

Prof. (Dr.) E. E. Ekanem
MB,BCh.(Cal.), FMCPaed, FMCEM PGD(Clin.Res.) APGD(PHR), MD
Professor of Paediatrics & Consultant Paediatrician / Emergency Physician
University of Calabar & University of Calabar Teaching Hospital,
Calabar, Nigeria

Prof. (Dr.) A. Adebiyi
MBChB, MPH, Ph.D., FMCPH
Professor of Community Medicine & Consultant Community Health Physician / Epidemiologist
University of Ibadan & University College Hospital Ibadan, Nigeria &
Adjunct Professor of Research & Methods, Babcock University, Nigeria

Ex-Officio Members
Former Editorial Board Chairmen
Prof. (Dr.) O. A. Afonja
Professor of Clinical Pathology
Ado-Ekiti University Teaching Hospital
Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria

Emeritus Prof. J. T. da Rocha-Afodu
Emeritus Professor of Surgery
College of Medicine, University of Lagos,
Lagos, Nigeria

College Registrar
Prof. (Dr.) F. A. Arogundade
MBBS (Lagos), MD, FMCP, FWACP, FRCP (Edin), FRCP (London)
Professor of Medicine & Consultant Physician
Obafemi Awolowo University (OAU) & OAU Teaching Hospitals Complex,
Ile-Ife, Nigeria & National Postgraduate Medical College of Nigeria,
Ijanikin, Lagos State, Nigeria
registrar@npmcn.edu.ng

National Editorial Advisers
Prof. (Dr.) F. T. Ogunsola
MBChB, MSc, PhD, FMCPath, FWACP, FRCPath, FNAMed, FAS
Professor of Microbiology & Consultant Microbiologist
University of Lagos & Lagos University Teaching Hospital,
Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria &
Vice Chancellor,
University of Lagos,
Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria.
fogunsola@unilag.edu.ng

Prof. (Dr.) O. O. Odusanya
MBBS, MPH, MD, FMCPH, FNAMed
Professor of Community Health & Consultant Community Health Physician
Lagos State University & Lagos State University Teaching Hospital,
Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria &
Vice Chancellor,
Lagos State University of Science and Technology,
Ikorodu, Lagos.
profodusanya@gmail.com

Prof. (Dr.) Dilli Dogo
MBBS, MD, FMCS, FWACS, FNAMed.
Professor of Surgery & Consultant General Surgeon &
Vice Chancellor,
Nile University of Nigeria,
Abuja, Nigeria.
dillidogo23@gmail.com

Prof. (Dr.) W. L. Adeyemo
BDS, PhD, FMCDS, FICS, FWACS, FAS
Professor of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery & Consultant Oral & Maxillofacial Surgeon,
University of Lagos & Lagos University Teaching Hospital,
Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria &
Chief Medical Director,
Lagos University Teaching Hospital,
Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
lanreadeyemo@yahoo.com

Prof. (Dr.) Adesola Ogunniyi
BSc (Hons), MBChB, FMCP, FWACP, FRCP (Edinb.), FRCP (Lond.)
Professor of Medicine & Consultant Physician / Neurologist
University of Ibadan & University College Hospital,
Ibadan, Nigeria
aogunniyi892@gmail.com

Prof. (Dr.) Richard Uwakwe
MBBS, MD, FWACP, FMCPsych
Professor of Psychiatry & Consultant Psychiatrist
Nnamdi Azikiwe University & Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital,
Nnewi, Nigeria
ruwakwe2001@yahoo.com

Prof. (Dr.) Idris Mohammed
MD, FRCP, DTM&H, FMCP, FWACP, FAS, OON, NNOM
Professor of Medicine & Consultant Physician
Gombe State University & Federal Medical Centre,
Gombe, Nigeria
idris.muhammad42@gmail.com

Prof. (Dr.) M. C. Asuzu
MBBS, MSc, FMCPH, FFPHM (UK), FCPHM (SA), MD (NPMCN)
Professor of Public Health / Community Medicine & Consultant Clinical Epidemiologist
University of Ibadan & University College Hospital,
Ibadan, Nigeria
mcasuzu2003@yahoo.com

Prof. (Dr.) O. A. Atoyebi
MBBS (Hons), MD, FMCS, FWACS, FICS, FACS, FNIM, DFMC, FNAMed.
Professor of Surgery & Consultant General Surgeon & Former College Registrar
University of Lagos & Lagos University Teaching Hospital &
National Postgraduate Medical College of Nigeria,
Lagos, Nigeria
woleato@gmail.com

Prof. (Dr.) A. H. Rafindadi
MBBS, MD, FMCPath, FNAMed
Professor of Pathology & Consultant Histopathologist
Ahmadu Bello University & Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital
Zaria, Nigeria

Prof. (Dr.) B. C. Ozumba
MBBS, FMCOG, FWACS, FRCOG, FACOG, FACS, FICS
Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology & Consultant Obstetrician and Gynaecologist
University of Nigeria & University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital,
Nsukka, Nigeria
benjamin.ozumba@unn.edu.ng

International Editorial Advisers
Prof. (Dr) François Meurice
MD, MPH, Trop. Med., FBCPM
Professor of Pharmaceutical Medicine and Vaccinology
University of Namur, Belgium
francois.meurice@unamur.be

Dr. Victoria Mango, MD
Assistant Professor of Radiology
Department of Radiology,
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
New York, USA
victoria.mango@gmail.com

Prof. (Dr.) Abayomi Akanji
MBBS (Hons), MSc, PhD, FRCPath, FRCPI, FAS, FACB
Professor of Medical Sciences
Department of Medical Sciences
Frank H Netter School of Medicine
Quinnipiac University
Hamden, Connecticut, USA
yomiakanji@gmail.com; aoakanji@qu.edu

Prof. Ian Douglas Couper
BA, MBChB, MFamMed, FCFP (SA)
Professor of Rural Health, Family Medicine and Primary Care
Director of Ukwanda Centre for Rural Health,
Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,
Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
icouper@sun.ac.za

Prof. (Dr.) Cyril O. Enwonwu
FAS (Nigeria), ScD (MIT), PhD, MDS, BDS (Bristol, UK), OON
Emeritus Professor of Dental Surgery
School of Dentistry,
University of Maryland
Baltimore, USA
ONYEAGOM@aol.com

Editorial Assistant
Mr. Oyedapo Ajayi
Journal Unit,
National Postgraduate Medical College of Nigeria,
Ijanikin, Lagos State, Nigeria
oyedapo.ajayi@npmcn.edu.ng

Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal (NPMJ)

Governing Board Appoints Dr. Salami Sule as Acting College Registrar.

Vacancy: College Registrar

College President Congratulates Dr. Fatiu Arogundade on His Appointment as Vice Chancellor of the University of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Abeokuta

College President receives Vice President of Sales, EBSCO Information Services, and Launches Access to Cutting-Edge Research Databases

Notification of Restoration of the Initial Date for the April/May 2025 CBT